Module 4.10 English Grammar in Use: The Infinitive, Its Forms and Use with Modals

Случаи употребления

Примеры

1. После вспомогательных и модальных глаголов (кроме to have to, to be to, ought to).

Will you pass me the salt?

She can speak Spanish quite fluently. 

2. После глаголов let, have, make (в действительном залоге).

His boss made him stay overtime.

Let him answer the call.

But: He was made to answer the call.

3. После глаголов чувственного восприятия see, watch, observe, notice, hear, feel (в действительном залоге).

I saw her leave her office at 5 sharp.

But: She was seen to leave the office at 5 sharp.

4. После выражений had better ‘лучше бы’ и would rather ‘предпочитать’.

You had better do the job at once.

I would rather apply for that job.

5. В сочетаниях с but ‘кроме, за исключением’: cannot but, do anything but, do nothing but, couldn’t but.

Did you do anything but ask questions?

They did nothing but listen to him.

6. В сравнительных оборотах.

I think he does little more than come at work, give instructions and go home.

7. В конструкциях: All ... + be + V₁.

                                 What ... + be + V₁

All he did was open the door.

What we need is buy a new flat.

8. В вопросах, начинающихся с Why (not) ‘почему бы (не)’

Why worry?

Why not begin now?

Значение

Характеристики

Инфинитив (The Infinitive – to V₁)

глагол  + существительное ‘чтобы делать’

                                      Залог

Вид

Active

Passive

Indefinite

to ask

to be asked

Continuous

to be asking

-

Perfect

to have asked

to have been asked

Perfect –Continuous

to have been asking

-

Форма инфинитива

Временная соотнесенность действия

Примеры

Can / could

May / might      

Must                V_1(-0) /  be V_{3 (-ed)}

Should

Would

Настоящее (Present)

Будущее (Future)

Прошедшее (Past)

He can help you.

They should leave early tomorrow.

They had to submit the report yesterday.

The letter must be written in pencil.

Can / could

May / might     be V_{4 (-ing)} /

Must                 be being V_{3 (-ed)}

Should

Would

Настоящее (Present)

He might be joking!

She must be swimming at the beach right now.

The room should be being cleaned now.

Can / could

May / might     have V_{3 (-ed)} /

Must                 have been V_{3 (-ed)}

Should

Would

Прошедшее (Past)

She can’t have been serious!

They might have gone home.

The message must have been e-mailed yesterday.

Can / could

May / might    

Must                have been V_{4 (-ing)}

Should

Would

Прошедшее (Past)

She might have been working at that time.

Глагол

Форма

инфинитива

Значение

Пример

can / could

+ have V_{3 (-ed)} /

have been V_{3 (-ed)}

мог бы, возможно, разве (в вопросе)

You could have done it.

Вы могли бы и сделать это.

could not

не может быть

(чтобы …), мог ли

You could not have done it.

Не может быть, чтобы вы сделали это.

may / might

возможно, вероятно. видимо, мог (бы)

You may have done it.

Вы, возможно, сделали это.

You might have done it.

Вы могли бы и сделать это.

must

должно быть,

возможно

You must have done it.

Вы, должно быть, сделали это.

You must not have done it.

Вы, должно быть, не сделали это.

should

would

ought to

следовало бы, должен был (бы), надо было (но не сделал)

You should have done it.

Вам следовало бы сделать это.

should not

не следовало, не должен был (а сделал)

You shouldn’t have done it.

Вам не следовало бы делать это.

would not

не … (нежелание, отказ делать)

need not

мог и не, не нужно было

You needn’t have done it.

Могли и не делать этого.